Emigo 4 mg Injection

Ondansetron Injection

Emigo injection 4 mg/8 mg

Each ml contains:

Ondansetron Hydrochloride IP

equivalent to Ondansetron………………………………………… 2 mg

Water for Injections IP q.s.

Injection 4 mg/8 mg

4.1 Therapeutic indication

In the treatment and management of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

4.2 Posology and method of administration

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy induced nausea and vomiting

Adults

The emetogenic potential of cancer treatment varies according to the doses and combinations of chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens used. The dose range of ondansetron solution for injection or infusion is 8-32 mg a day and selected as shown below.

Emetogenic chemotherapy and radiotherapy

For patients receiving emetogenic chemotherapy or radiotherapy ondansetron can be given either by intravenous or other routes of administration, however this product is for intravenous use only.

The recommended intravenous dose of ondansetron is 8 mg administered as a slow injection (in not less than 30 seconds) or as an infusion over 15 minutes immediately before treatment, followed by treatment with dosage forms other than intravenous.

Treatment with dosage forms other than intravenous is recommended to protect against delayed or prolonged emesis after the first 24 hours.

Highly emetogenic chemotherapy

For patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy, e.g. high-dose cisplatin, ondansetron can be given by intravenous or other routes of administration, however this product is for intravenous use only

Ondansetron has been shown to be equally effective in the following intravenous dose schedules over the first 24 hours of chemotherapy:

• A single dose of 8 mg by slow intravenous injection (in not less than 30 seconds) immediately before chemotherapy.
• A dose of 8 mg by slow intravenous injection (in not less than 30 seconds) or as a short
• time intravenous infusion over 15 minutes immediately before chemotherapy, followed by two further intravenous doses of 8 mg four hours apart, or by a constant infusion of 1 mg/hour for up to 24 hours.
• A maximum initial intravenous dose of 16 mg diluted in 50-100 ml of sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9 % w/v) solution or other compatible infusion fluid and infused over not less than 15 minutes immediately before chemotherapy. The initial dose of Ondansetron may be followed by two additional 8 mg intravenous doses (in not less than 30 seconds) four hours apart. A single dose greater than 16 mg must not be given due to dose dependent increase of QT-prolongation risk.

The selection of dose regimen should be determined by the severity of the emetogenic challenge.

The efficacy of ondansetron in highly emetogenic chemotherapy may be enhanced by the addition of a single intravenous dose of dexamethasone sodium phosphate, 20 mg administered prior to chemotherapy.

To protect against delayed or prolonged emesis after the first 24 hours, ondansetron treatment with dosage forms other than intravenous should be continued after a course of treatment.

Paediatric Population:

CINV in children aged ≥ 6 months and adolescents

The dose for CINV can be calculated based on body surface area (BSA) or weight. Weightbased dosing results in higher total daily doses compared to BSA-based dosing.

Ondansetron injection should be diluted in 5% glucose or 0.9% sodium chloride or other compatible infusion fluid and infused intravenously over not less than 15 minutes. There are no data from controlled clinical trials on the use of Ondansetron in the prevention of delayed or prolonged CINV. There are no data from controlled clinical trials on the use of Ondansetron for radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in children.

Dosing by BSA:

Ondansetron should be administered immediately before chemotherapy as a single intravenous dose of 5 mg/m2. The intravenous dose must not exceed 8 mg.

Oral dosing can commence twelve hours later and may be continued for up to 5 days (Table 1).

The total daily dose must not exceed adult dose of 32 mg.

Table 1: BSA-based dosing for Chemotherapy - Children aged ≥ 6 months and adolescents

a The intravenous dose must not exceed 8mg

b The total daily dose must not exceed adult dose of 32 mg

Dosing by bodyweight:

Weight-based dosing results in higher total daily doses compared to BSA-based dosing.

Ondansetron should be administered immediately before chemotherapy as a single intravenous dose of 0.15 mg/kg. The intravenous dose must not exceed 8 mg. Two further intravenous doses may be given in 4-hourly intervals. The total daily dose must not exceed adult dose of 32 mg

Oral dosing can commence twelve hours later and may be continued for up to 5 days (Table 2)

Table 2: Weight-based dosing for Chemotherapy - Children aged ≥ 6 months and adolescents

a The intravenous dose must not exceed 8mg.

b The total daily dose must not exceed adult dose of 32 mg.

Elderly

In patients 65 to 74 years of age, the dose schedule for adults can be followed. All intravenous doses should be diluted in 50-100 ml of saline or other compatible infusion fluid and infused over 15 minutes.

In patients 75 years of age or older, the initial intravenous dose should not exceed 8 mg. All intravenous doses should be diluted in 50-100 ml of saline or other compatible infusion fluid and infused over 15 minutes. The initial dose of 8 mg may be followed by two further intravenous doses of 8 mg, infused over 15 minutes and given no less than four hours apart.

Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV)

Prevention of PONV

Adults: For the prevention of PONV ondansetron can be administered by intravenous injection or other dosage forms.

Ondansetron may be administered as a single dose of 4 mg given by slow intravenous injection at induction of anaesthesia.

Treatment of established PONV

For treatment of established PONV a single dose of 4 mg given by slow intravenous injection is recommended.

Paediatric population

PONV in children aged ≥ 1 month and adolescents

For prevention of PONV in paediatric patients having surgery performed under general anaesthesia, a single dose of ondansetron may be administered by slow intravenous injection (not less than 30 seconds) at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg up to a maximum of 4 mg either prior to, at or after induction of anaesthesia.

For the treatment of PONV after surgery in paediatric patients having surgery performed under general anaesthesia, a single dose of ondansetron may be administered by slow intravenous injection (not less than 30 seconds) at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg up to a maximum of 4 mg. There are no data on the use of ondansetron in the treatment of PONV in children below 2 years of age.

For treatment of established PONV in paediatric patients and adolescents, ondansetron may be administered by slow intravenous injection at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg up to a maximum of 4 mg.

Elderly

There is limited experience in the use of ondansetron in the prevention and treatment of PONV in the elderly, however ondansetron is well tolerated in patients over 65 years receiving chemotherapy.

Special Populations

Patients with renal impairment

No alteration of daily dosage or frequency of dosing, or route of administration is required.

Patients with hepatic impairment

Clearance of ondansetron is significantly reduced and serum half-life significantly prolonged in subjects with moderate or severe impairment of hepatic function. In such patients a total daily dose of 8 mg should not be exceeded.

Patients with poor sparteine/debrisoquine metabolism

The elimination half-life of ondansetron is not altered in subjects classified as poor metabolisers of sparteine and debrisoquine. Consequently, in such patients repeat dosing will give drug exposure levels no different from those of the general population. No alteration of daily dosage or frequency of dosing is required.

4.3 Contraindications

• Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to other selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g. granisetron, dolasetron) or to any of the excipients listed in the formulation.
• Concomitant use with apomorphine.

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported in patients who have exhibited hypersensitivity to other selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists.

Respiratory events should be treated symptomatically and clinicians should pay particular attention to them as precursors of hypersensitivity reactions.

Ondansetron prolongs the QT interval in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, postmarketing cases of Torsade de Pointes have been reported in patients using ondansetron. Avoid ondansetron in patients with congenital long QT syndrome. Ondansetron should be administered with caution to patients who have or may develop prolongation of QTc. These conditions include patients with electrolyte abnormalities, congestive heart failure,bradyarrhythmias or patients taking other medicinal products that lead to QT prolongation or electrolyte abnormalities.

Cases of myocardial ischemia have been reported in patients treated with ondansetron. In some patients, especially in the case of intravenous administration, symptoms appeared immediately after administration of ondansetron. Patients should be alerted to the signs and symptoms of myocardial ischaemia.

Hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia should be corrected prior to ondansetron administration.

There have been post-marketing reports describing patients with serotonin syndrome (including altered mental status, autonomic instability and neuromuscular abnormalities) following the concomitant use of ondansetron and other serotonergic drugs (including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)). If concomitant treatment with ondansetron and other serotonergic drugs is clinically warranted, appropriate observation of the patient is advised.

As ondansetron is known to increase large bowel transit time, patients with signs of subacute intestinal obstruction should be monitored following administration.

In patients with adenotonsillar surgery prevention of nausea and vomiting with ondansetron may mask occult bleeding. Therefore, such patients should be followed carefully after ondansetron.

Paediatric Population:

Paediatric patients receiving ondansetron with hepatotoxic chemotherapeutic agents should be monitored closely for impaired hepatic function.

4.5 Drugs interactions

Effects of ondansetron on other medicinal products

There is no evidence that ondansetron either induces or inhibits the metabolism of other drugs commonly co administered with it. Specific studies have shown that ondansetron does not interact with alcohol, temazepam, furosemide, alfentanil, morphine, lignocaine, propofol and thiopental.

Effects of other medicinal products on ondansetron

Ondansetron is metabolised by multiple hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzymes: CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP1A2. Due to the multiplicity of metabolic enzymes capable of metabolising ondansetron, enzyme inhibition or reduced activity of one enzyme (e. g. CYP2D6 genetic deficiency) is normally compensated by other enzymes and should result in little or no significant change in overall ondansetron clearance or dose requirement.

Caution should be exercised when ondansetron is co administered with drugs that prolong the QT interval and/or cause electrolyte abnormalities.

Use of ondansetron with QT prolonging drugs may result in additional QT prolongation. Concomitant use of ondansetron with cardiotoxic drugs (e.g. anthracyclines such as doxorubicin, daunorubicin or trastuzimab), antibiotics (such as erythromycin or ketoconazole), antiarrhythmics (such as amiodarone) and beta blockers (such as atenolol or timolol) may increase the risk of arrhythmias.

There have been post-marketing reports describing patients with serotonin syndrome (including altered mental status, autonomic instability and neuromuscular abnormalities) following the concomitant use of ondansetron and other serotonergic drugs (including SSRIs and SNRIs).

Apomorphine: Based on reports of profound hypotension and loss of consciousness when ondansetron was administered with apomorphine hydrochloride, concomitant use with apomorphine is contraindicated.

Phenytoin, carbamazepine and rifampicin: In patients treated with potent inducers of CYP3A4 (i.e. phenytoin, carbamazepine and rifampicin), the oral clearance of ondansetron was increased and ondansetron blood concentrations were decreased.

Tramadol: Data from small studies indicate that ondansetron may reduce the analgesic effect of tramadol.

4.6 Use in special populations

Women of childbearing potential

Women of childbearing potential should consider the use of contraception.

Pregnancy

Based on human experience from epidemiological studies, ondansetron is suspected to cause orofacial malformations when administered during the first trimester of pregnancy.

In one cohort study including 1.8 million pregnancies, first trimester ondansetron use was associated with an increased risk of oral clefts (3 additional cases per 10 000 women treated; adjusted relative risk, 1.24, (95% CI 1.03-1.48)).

The available epidemiological studies on cardiac malformations show conflicting results.

Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity. However, Ondansetron should not be used during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Lactation

Tests have shown that ondansetron passes into the milk of lactating animals. It is therefore recommended that mothers receiving ondansetron should not breast-feed their babies.

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Ondansetron has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.

4.8 Undesirable effects

Immune system disorders

Rare:

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, sometimes severe including anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis may be fatal. Hypersensitivity reactions were also observed in patients, who were sensitive towards other selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists.

Nervous system disorders

Very common: Headache.

Uncommon:

There have been reports suggestive of involuntary movement disorders such as extrapyramidal reactions, e.g. oculogyric crisis/dystonic reactions and dyskinesia without definitive evidence of persistent clinical sequelae and seizures (e.g. epileptic spasms) have been observed although no known pharmacological mechanism can account for ondansetron causing these effects.

Rare:

Dizziness during rapid intravenous administration.

Very rare:

Depression.

Eye disorders

Rare:

Transient visual disturbances (e.g. blurred vision) during rapid intravenous administration.

Very rare:

In individual cases transitory blindness was reported in patients receiving chemotherapeutic agents including cisplatin. Most reported cases were resolved within 20 minutes. Some cases of transient blindness were reported as cortical in origin.

Cardiac disorders

Uncommon:

Chest pain with or without ST segment depression, cardiac arrhythmias and bradycardia. Chest pain and cardiac arrhythmias may be fatal in individual cases.

Rare:

Transitory changes in the electrocardiogram, QTc prolongation (including Torsades de Pointes)

Unknown:

Vascular disorders

Common: Sensations of flushing or warmth.

Uncommon: Hypotension.

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders

Uncommon: Hiccups.

Gastrointestinal disorders

Common:  Ondansetron is known to increase the large bowel transit time and may cause constipation in some patients.

Hepatobiliary disorders

Uncommon: Asymptomatic increases in liver function tests were observed. These reactions were frequently observed in patients under chemotherapy with cisplatin.

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders

Uncommon: Hypersensitivity reactions around the injection site (e.g. rash, urticaria, itching) may occur, sometimes extending along the drug administration vein.

General disorders and administration site conditions

Common: Local reactions at the IV injection site.

Paediatric population

The adverse event profile in children and adolescents was comparable to that seen in adults.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via email to: medico@zuventus.com

Website: https://www.zuventus.com/drug-safety-reporting

By reporting side effects, you can help provide more information on the safety of this medicine.

4.9 Overdose

Little is known at present about overdosage with ondansetron, however, a limited number of patients received overdoses. In the majority of cases, symptoms were similar to those already reported in patients receiving recommended doses. Manifestations that have been reported include visual disturbances, severe constipation, hypotension and a vasovagal episode with transient second degree AV block. In all instances, the events resolved completely. Ondansetron prolongs the QT interval in a dose-dependent fashion. ECG monitoring is recommended in cases of overdose.

There is no specific antidote for ondansetron, therefore in all cases of suspected overdose, symptomatic and supportive therapy should be given as appropriate. The use of ipecacuanha to treat overdose with ondansetron is not recommended, as patients are unlikely to respond due to the anti-emetic action of ondansetron itself.

Paediatric population

Paediatric cases consistent with serotonin syndrome have been reported after inadvertent oral overdoses of ondansetron (exceeded estimated ingestion of 4 mg/kg) in infants and children aged 12 months to 2 years.

5.1 Mechanism of action

Ondansetron is a potent, highly selective 5HT3 receptor-antagonist.

Its precise mode of action in the control of nausea and vomiting is not known. Chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy may cause release of 5HT in the small intestine initiating a vomiting reflex by activating vagal afferents via 5HT3 receptors. Ondansetron blocks the initiation of this reflex. Activation of vagal afferents may also cause a release of 5HT in the area postrema, located on the floor of the fourth ventricle, and this may also promote emesis through a central mechanism. Thus, the effect of ondansetron in the management of the nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy is probably due to antagonism of 5HT3 receptors on neurons located both in the peripheral and central nervous system. The mechanisms of action in post-operative nausea and vomiting are not known but there may be common pathways with cytotoxic induced nausea and vomiting.

5.2 Pharmacodynamic properties

The effect of ondansetron on the QTc interval was evaluated in a double blind, randomised, placebo and positive (moxifloxacin) controlled, crossover study in 58 healthy adult men and women. Ondansetron doses included 8 mg and 32 mg infused intravenously over 15 minutes. At the highest tested dose of 32 mg, the maximum mean (upper limit of 90% CI) difference in QTcF from placebo after baseline-correction was 19.6 (21.5) msec. At the lower tested dose of 8 mg, the maximum mean (upper limit of 90% CI) difference in QTcF from placebo after baseline-correction was 5.8 (7.8) msec. In this study, there were no QTcF measurements greater than 480 msec and no QTcF prolongation was greater than 60 msec. No significant changes were seen in the measured electrocardiographic PR or QRS intervals.

5.3 Pharmacokinetic properties

Absorption

Following oral administration, ondansetron is passively and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and undergoes first pass metabolism (Bioavailability is about 60%.). Peak plasma concentrations of about 30 ng/ml are attained approximately 1.5 hours after an 8 mg dose. For doses above 8 mg the increase in ondansetron systemic exposure with dose is greater than proportional; this may reflect some reduction in first pass metabolism at higher oral doses. Bioavailability, following oral administration, is slightly enhanced by the presence of food but unaffected by antacids.

A 4 mg intravenous infusion of ondansetron given over 5 minutes results in peak plasma concentrations of about 65 ng/ml. Following intramuscular administration of ondansetron, peak plasma concentrations of about 25 ng/ml are attained within 10 minutes of injection.

Distribution

The disposition of ondansetron following oral, intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) dosing is similar with a steady state volume of distribution of about 140 L. Equivalent systemic exposure is achieved after IM and IV administration of ondansetron.

Ondansetron is not highly protein bound (70-76%).

Metabolism

Ondansetron is cleared from the systemic circulation predominantly by hepatic metabolism through multiple enzymatic pathways. The absence of the enzyme CYP2D6 (the debrisoquine polymorphism) has no effect on ondansetron's pharmacokinetics.

Excretion

Less than 5% of the absorbed dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. Terminal half-life is about 3 hours.

6.1 Animal Toxicology or Pharmacology

Preclinical data revealed no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety, pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenic potential and toxicity to reproduction.

Ondansetron and its metabolites accumulate in the milk of rats, milk/plasma-ratio was 5.2:1. A study in cloned human cardiac ion channels has shown ondansetron has the potential to affect cardiac repolarisation via blockade of HERG potassium channels. The clinical relevance of this finding is uncertain.

The active ingredient of Ondansetron Injection, is ondansetron hydrochloride, a selective blocking agent of the serotonin 5-HT3 receptor type. Its chemical name is (±) 1, 2, 3, 9-tetrahydro-9-methyl-3-[(2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-4H-carbazol-4- one, monohydrochloride, dihydrate.

Rare : Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, sometimes severe including anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis may be fatal.

Hypersensitivity reactions were also observed in patients, who were sensitive towards other selective 5- HT receptor antagonists.

Nervous system disorders

Very common : Headache

Uncommon : There have been reports suggestive of involuntary movement disorders such as extrapyramidal reactions, e.g. oculogyric crisis/dystonic reactions and dyskinesia without definitive evidence of persistent clinical sequelae and seizures (e.g. epileptic spasms) have been observed although no known pharmacological mechanism can account for ondansetron causing these effects.

Rare : Dizziness during rapid intravenous administration.

Very rare : Depression.

Eye disorders

Rare : Transient visual disturbances (e.g. blurred vision) during rapid intravenous administration.

Very rare : In individual cases transitory blindness was reported in patients receiving chemotherapeutic agents including cisplatin. Most reported cases were resolved within 20 minutes. Some cases of transient blindness were reported as cortical in origin.

8.3 Storage and handing instructions

Store below 30°C. Protect from light.

Keep out of reach of children.

Do not freeze. Do not use if solution is not clear or has suspended matter.

QT Prolongation

Patients should be informed that Ondansetron Injection may cause serious cardiac arrhythmias such as QT prolongation. Patients should be instructed to tell their healthcare provider right away if they perceive a change in their heart rate, if they feel lightheaded, or if they have a syncopal episode.

Patients should be informed that the chances of developing severe cardiac arrhythmias such as QT prolongation and Torsade de Pointes are higher in the following people:

• Patients with a personal or family history of abnormal heart rhythms, such as congenital long QT syndrome
• Patients who take medications, such as diuretics, which may cause electrolyte abnormalities.
• Patients with hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia.

Ondansetron Injection should be avoided in these patients, since they may be more at risk for cardiac arrhythmias such as QT prolongation and Torsade de Pointes.

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Inform patients that Ondansetron Injection may cause hypersensitivity reactions, some as severe as anaphylaxis and bronchospasm. The patient should report any signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions, including fever, chills, rash, or breathing problems.

Masking of Progressive Ileus and Gastric Distension

Inform patients following abdominal surgery or those with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting that Ondansetron Injection may mask signs and symptoms of bowel obstruction. Instruct patients to immediately report any signs or symptoms consistent with a potential bowel obstruction to their healthcare provider.

Drug Interactions

• Instruct the patient to report the use of all medications, especially apomorphine, to their healthcare provider. Concomitant use of apomorphine and Ondansetron Injection may cause a significant drop in blood pressure and loss of consciousness.
• Advise patients of the possibility of serotonin syndrome with concomitant use of Ondansetron Injection and another serotonergic agent such as medications to treat depression and migraines. Advise patients to seek immediate medical attention if the following symptoms occur: changes in mental status, autonomic instability, neuromuscular symptoms with or without gastrointestinal symptoms.

18.09.2022